Immersion cooling companies
Immersion cooling sinks whole servers in a dielectric fluid that carries the heat to a CDU. Single-phase tanks lead on published density: GRC ICEraQ systems run a CDU up to 368 kW with 13 °C water and Submer lists its SmartPod EXO at 280 kW+ per pod. The fluids come from the same tank makers, from specialists such as Engineered Fluids, and from oil and chemical majors: Shell, Castrol, TotalEnergies, Dow and Chemours.
| Technologies | Coolant | Level | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GRC (Green Revolution Cooling) | IMM-1φ · Fluid | 3681 | 3681 | DE-1φ | In-rack | — | North America | 2026-11-09 |
| Submer | IMM-1φ | 2801 | — | DE-1φ | In-rack | — | Europe | 2026-11-09 |
| Asperitas | IMM-1φ | 601 | — | DE-1φ | In-rack | — | Europe | 2026-11-09 |
| Castrol | IMM-1φ · Fluid | — | — | WG · DE-1φ | — | — | — | 2026-11-09 |
| Chemours (Opteon) | IMM-2φ · Fluid | — | — | DE-2φ | — | — | North America | 2026-11-09 |
| DCX Liquid Cooling Systems | CDU · IMM-1φ · Manifold · Fluid | — | 8,1502 | WG · DE-1φ | In-rack, In-row, Facility | — | Europe | 2026-11-09 |
| Dow | IMM-1φ · Fluid | — | — | WG · DE-1φ | — | — | North America | 2026-11-09 |
| Engineered Fluids | IMM-1φ · Fluid | — | — | DE-1φ | — | — | North America | 2026-11-09 |
| Envicool | CDU · D2C · IMM-1φ · Manifold · QD | — | — | WG · DE-1φ | Server, In-rack, In-row, Facility | — | Asia-Pacific | 2026-11-09 |
| Hypertec | IMM-1φ · OEM | — | — | DE-1φ | Server | — | North America | 2026-11-09 |
| Iceotope | IMM-1φ | — | — | DE-1φ | Server | — | Europe | 2026-11-09 |
| Shell (Immersion Cooling Fluids) | Fluid | — | — | DE-1φ | — | Shell plc | Europe | 2026-11-09 |
| TotalEnergies Fluids | IMM-1φ · Fluid | — | — | DE-1φ | — | TotalEnergies | Europe | 2026-11-09 |
- Technologies
- CDUCoolant distribution unit
- D2CDirect-to-chip cold plate
- D2C-2φTwo-phase direct-to-chip cold plate
- IMM-1φSingle-phase immersion tank
- IMM-2φTwo-phase immersion tank
- RDHxRear-door heat exchanger
- SidecarLiquid-to-air CDU
- ManifoldRack and row manifolds
- QDQuick-disconnect couplings
- OEMServer maker with liquid-cooled racks
- FluidCoolant fluid supplier
- Coolant
- WGWater-glycol
- DE-1φSingle-phase dielectric
- DE-2φTwo-phase dielectric or refrigerant
Single-phase, two-phase and precision immersion
How ratings are readSingle-phase tanks
The fluid stays liquid. Pumps or natural convection move it past the servers and through a heat exchanger. GRC rates its tanks with coolant near 50 °C, and Asperitas moves the fluid in its PNC tank by natural convection alone. Shell’s gas-to-liquids fluids were the first to be Intel Data Center Certified for immersion.
Two-phase immersion
The fluid boils on the chips and condenses on a coil above the tank. It lost its main fluid when 3M exited Novec. Chemours’ Opteon 2P50 boils at 49 °C with a GWP of 10 and is still labelled developmental; it entered a full-scale trial with NTT DATA in 2025. LiquidStack, a two-phase pioneer, now lists only direct-to-chip CDUs.
Precision immersion
Iceotope seals a small volume of dielectric inside each chassis and pumps it over CPUs, GPUs, memory and power supplies, so servers stay in standard racks. Its KUL AI server is built on a Gigabyte 8-GPU platform.